Circuit Analysis For Dummies
Book image
Explore Book Buy On Amazon

Second-order RLC circuits have a resistor, inductor, and capacitor connected serially or in parallel. To analyze a second-order parallel circuit, you follow the same process for analyzing an RLC series circuit.

Here is an example RLC parallel circuit. The left diagram shows an input iN with initial inductor current I0 and capacitor voltage V0. The top-right diagram shows the input current source iN set equal to zero, which lets you solve for the zero-input response. The bottom-right diagram shows the initial conditions (I0 and V0) set equal to zero, which lets you obtain the zero-state response.

image0.jpg

With duality, you substitute every electrical term in an equation with its dual, or counterpart, and get another correct equation. For example, voltage and current are dual variables.

Set up a typical RLC parallel circuit

Because the components of the sample parallel circuit shown earlier are connected in parallel, you set up the second-order differential equation by using Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL). KCL says the sum of the incoming currents equals the sum of the outgoing currents at a node. Using KCL at Node A of the sample circuit gives you

iN(t) =iR(t) +iC(t) +iL(t)

Next, put the resistor current and capacitor current in terms of the inductor current. The resistor current iR(t) is based on the old, reliable Ohm’s law:

image1.jpg

The element constraint for an inductor is given as

image2.jpg

The current iL(t) is the inductor current, and L is the inductance. This constraint means a changing current generates an inductor voltage. If the inductor current doesn’t change, there’s no inductor voltage, implying a short circuit.

Parallel devices have the same voltage v(t). You use the inductor voltage v(t) that’s equal to the capacitor voltage to get the capacitor current iC(t):

image3.jpg

Now substitute v(t) = LdiL(t)/dt into Ohm’s law, because you also have the same voltage across the resistor and inductor:

image4.jpg

Substitute the values of iR(t) and iC(t) into the KCL equation to give you the device currents in terms of the inductor current:

image5.jpg

The RLC parallel circuit is described by a second-order differential equation, so the circuit is a second-order circuit. The unknown is the inductor current iL(t).

The analysis of the RLC parallel circuit follows along the same lines as the RLC series circuit. Compare the preceding equation with this second-order equation derived from the RLC series:

image6.jpg

The two differential equations have the same form. The unknown solution for the parallel RLC circuit is the inductor current, and the unknown for the series RLC circuit is the capacitor voltage. These unknowns are dual variables.

With duality, you can replace every electrical term in an equation with its dual and get another correct equation. If you use the following substitution of variables in the differential equation for the RLC series circuit, you get the differential equation for the RLC parallel circuit.

image7.jpg

Duality allows you to simplify your analysis when you know prior results. Yippee!

Find the zero-input response

The results you obtain for an RLC parallel circuit are similar to the ones you get for the RLC series circuit. For a parallel circuit, you have a second-order and homogeneous differential equation given in terms of the inductor current:

image8.jpg

The preceding equation gives you three possible cases under the radical:

image9.jpg

The zero-input responses of the inductor responses resemble the form shown here, which describes the capacitor voltage.

image10.jpg

When you have k1 and k2, you have the zero-input response iZI(t). The solution gives you

image11.jpg

You can find the constants c1 and c2 by using the results found in the RLC series circuit, which are given as

image12.jpg

Apply duality to the preceding equation by replacing the voltage, current, and inductance with their duals (current, voltage, and capacitance) to get c1 and c2 for the RLC parallel circuit:

image13.jpg

After you plug in the dual variables, finding the constants c1 and c2 is easy.

Arrive at the zero-state response

Zero-state response means zero initial conditions. You need to find the homogeneous and particular solutions of the inductor current when there’s an input source iN(t). Zero initial conditions means looking at the circuit when there’s 0 inductor current and 0 capacitor voltage.

When t < 0, u(t) = 0. The second-order differential equation becomes the following, where iL(t) is the inductor current:

image14.jpg

For a step input where u(t) = 0 before time t = 0, the homogeneous solution ih(t) is

image15.jpg

Adding the homogeneous solution to the particular solution for a step input IAu(t) gives you the zero-state response iZS(t):

image16.jpg

Now plug in the values of ih(t) and ip(t):

image17.jpg

Here are the results of C1 and C2 for the RLC series circuit:

image18.jpg

You now apply duality through a simple substitution of terms in order to get C1 and C2 for the RLC parallel circuit:

image19.jpg

Find the total response

You finally add up the zero-input response iZI(t) and the zero-state response iZS(t) to get the total response iL(t):

image20.jpg

The solution resembles the results for the RLC series circuit. Also, the step responses of the inductor current follow the same form as the ones shown in the step responses found in this sample circuit, for the capacitor voltage.

image21.jpg

About This Article

This article is from the book:

About the book author:

John M. Santiago Jr., PhD, served in the United States Air Force (USAF) for 26 years. During that time, he held a variety of leadership positions in technical program management, acquisition development, and operation research support. While assigned in Europe, he spearheaded more than 40 international scientific and engineering conferences/workshops.

This article can be found in the category: