Resistors are among the most popular electronic components around because they're simple yet versatile. One of the most common uses of a resistor is to limit the amount of current in part of a circuit. However, resistors can also be used to control the amount of voltage provided to part of a circuit and to help create timing circuits.
Limiting current
The circuit in the following figure shows a 6-volt battery supplying current to a light-emitting diode (LED) through a resistor (shown as a zigzag). LEDs (like many other electronic parts) eat up current like a kid eats candy: They try to gobble up as much as you give them. But LEDs run into a problem — they burn themselves out if they draw too much current. The resistor in the circuit serves the useful function of limiting the amount of current sent to the LED (the way a good parent restricts the intake of candy).
Too much current can destroy many sensitive electronic components — such as transistors and integrated circuits. By putting a resistor at the input to a sensitive part, you limit the current that reaches the part. (But if you use too high a resistance, you'll limit the current so much you won't see the light, although it's there!) This simple technique can save you a lot of time and money that you would otherwise lose fixing accidental blow-ups of your circuits.
You can observe how resistors limit current by setting up the circuit shown and trying out resistors of different values.
Here's what you use to build the LED-resistor circuit:
Four 1.5-volt AA batteries
One four-battery holder (for AA batteries)
One battery clip
One
(identified by yellow-violet-brown stripes and then a fourth stripe which may be gold, silver, black, brown, or red)
One 4.7
(yellow-violet-red and any color for the fourth stripe)
One 10
(brown-black-orange and any color for the fourth stripe)
One 47
(yellow-violet-orange and any color for the fourth stripe)
One LED (any size, any color)
Three insulated alligator clips or one solderless breadboard
Use alligator clips or a solderless breadboard to set up the circuit (see the following figure), starting with the 470 resistor. Remember to orient the LED correctly, connecting the shorter lead of the LED to the negative battery terminal. Don't worry about the orientation of the resistor; either way is fine. Note how brightly the LED shines. Then remove the resistor and replace it with the other resistors, one at a time, increasing the amount of resistance each time. Did you notice that the LED shines less brightly each time? That's because higher resistances restrict current more, and the less current an LED receives, the less brightly it shines.
The following figure shows a parallel circuit in which each branch contains a different value of resistance. For higher values of resistance, the current that passes through that branch is restricted more, so the LED in that branch emits less light.
Reducing voltage
Resistors can be used also to reduce the voltage supplied to different parts of a circuit. Say, for instance, you have a 9-volt power supply but you need to provide 5 volts to power a particular integrated circuit you're using. You can set up a circuit, such as the one shown here, to divide the voltage in a way that provides 5 V at the output. Then — voilà — you can use the output voltage, Vout, of this voltage divider as the supply voltage for your integrated circuit.
To observe the voltage divider in action, set up the circuit shown by using the following parts:
One 9-volt battery
One battery clip
One 12
(brown-red-orange and any color for the fourth stripe)
One 15
(brown-green-orange and any color for the fourth stripe)
Three insulated alligator clips or one solderless breadboard
Two ways to build the voltage divider circuit.
Next, use your multimeter set to volts DC to measure the voltage across the battery and across the 15
as shown. Measurements show that the actual battery voltage is 9.24 V and Vout is 5.15 V.
Controlling timing cycles
You can also put a resistor to work with another popular component — a capacitor — to create predictable up and down voltage swings. You'll find the resistor-capacitor combo helps you create a kind of hourglass timer, which comes in handy for circuits that have time dependencies (for instance, a three-way traffic light).
