Slope formula: The slope of a line containing two points, (x1, y1) and (x2, y2), is given by the following formula (a line's slope is often represented by the letter m):
Note: It doesn't matter which points you designate as (x1, y1) and (x2, y2); the math works out the same either way. Just make sure that you plug your numbers into the right places in the formula.
Slope is the ratio of the rise to the run.The rise is the "up distance," and the run is the "across distance" shown in the above figure. To remember this, note that you rise up but you run across, and also that "rise" rhymes with "y's."
The slope tells you how steep a line is.Compare the following list with the second figure, which shows you that the slope of a line increases as the line gets steeper and steeper:
- A horizontal line has no steepness at all, so its slope is zero. A good way to remember this is to think about driving on a horizontal, flat road—the road has zero steepness or slope.
- A slightly inclined line might have a slope of, say, 1/5.
- A line at a 45-degree angle has a slope of 1.
- A steeper line could have a slope of 5.
- A vertical line (the steepest line of all) sort of has an infinite slope, but math people say that its slope is undefined. (It's undefined because with a vertical line, you don't go across at all, and thus the run in
would be zero, and you can't divide by zero). Think about driving up a vertical road: You can't do it—it's impossible. And it's impossible to compute the slope of a vertical line.
- Lines that go up to the right have a positive slope. Going from left to right, lines with positive slopes go uphill.
- Lines that go down to the right have a negative slope. Going from left to right, lines with negative slopes go downhill.
A negative slope goes up to the left and down to the right.